Located in Southeastern Europe, bordering on the Black Sea, the country is halfway between the equator and the North Poleand equidistant from the westernmost part of Europe—theAtlantic coast—and the most easterly—the Ural Mountans. Romania has 3,195 kilometers of border. Republic of Moldova lies to the east, Blgara lies to the south, and Serbia and Hungary to the west. In the southeast, 245 kilometers of sea coastline provide an important outlet to the Mediterranean sea and the Atlantic Ocean.
Area:
238,391 sq km
Population:
19,942,642 inhabitants
Organisations in which Romania is:
It has been member of NATO since 2004, and part of the EU since 2007.
People
1.What are the people of the country called?
Romanians
2.What is the oficial language? What is the other languages do people speak?
English (29%) French (24%) Italian (7%) German (6%)
Romanian Sign Language
3.What is the most-practiced religion?
Religious denominations in Romania according to the 2011 census given as percentages of the total stable population.
Romanian Orthodox (81.0%)
Roman Catholic and Romanian Greek-Catholic (7.6%)
Protestant (Reformed, Pentecostal, Baptist, Adventist, Unitarian, Lutheran and other Neoprotestant) (6.2%)
Other religions (including other Christians, Muslims, Jehovah's Witnesses and Jews) (1.2%)
No religion or Atheist (0.2%)
Missing Data (3%)
Other (0.8%)
Flag
Blue: vigilance, truth and loyalty, preservance and justice
Yellow: a symbol of generosity
Red: hardiness, bravery, stength and valor
Goverment
1.Is it a a democratic or a non-democratic state?
Romania is a semi-presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the Prime Minister of Romania is the head of government and the President of Romania exercises the functions of the head of state. Executive power is exercised by the government. Romania has a multi-party system, and Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of parliament, the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.
2.What is the name of the leader of the country?
The current President of Romania is Klaus Iohannis, since 21 December 2014.
3.What type of government is the country ruled by?
Unitary semi-presidentialrepublic
4. Is there a separation of powers? Which institution/person is in charge of each of the powers?
The president is elected by popular vote every five years, for a maximum of two consecutive terms.
The president, together with the party with parliamentary majority, appoints a prime minister. In turn, the prime minister appoints the other members of the cabinet and with 42 prefects (one for each district and the independent municipality of Bucharest) form the executive.
The Romanian Parliament is bicameral: the Senate, which has 137 members and the Chamber of Deputies, with 332 members. The members of both chambers are elected every four years by popular vote.
5.What are the main political parties of the country (socialist party, communist party, green party, republicans, democrats, etc.)? Describe briefly their ideas.
Social Democratic Party
Liviu Dragnea
Social democracy Third Way
New Republic
George Mioc
Classical liberalism Christian democracy Conservatism
National Union for the Progress of Romania
Gabriel Oprea
Social democracy Progressivism
Population
1. How many inhabitants does the country have?
19,942,642
2. Population density
84.4/km2
3. Birth Rate. Reasons
9.9 births/1,000 population (2010)
The reason of the low percentage is that a lot of Romians go abroad to find a better job, so new babys born and grew up in other countries.
4. Death Rate. Reasons
12.1 deaths/1,000 population (2010)
The reason of the high percentage in death rate is that a lot of young people is going abroad, athe old people is staying at theis houses in Romania, and when this old people died the percentage is geting higher.
5. Natural Growth. Reasons
-0.22% (2010)
While a lot of people is going abroad, the country can only grow with the people that is staying in Romania. There`s a very low birth rate, but in comparation there`s a very big perentage of death rate, so the county population is dereasing.
Migrations:
1. Number of immigrants. Where do they come from? Why?
In 2013, there were 198,839 immigrants living in Romania, of which 13,000 were refugees. Over half of the country's foreign-born residents originate from Moldova. Immigration is expected to increase in the future, as large numbers of Romanian workers leave the country and are being replaced by foreigners.
2. Number of emigrants. Where do they go? Why?
4-12 million people.
Romania has been, and still is, mainly a source country (and to some extent a transit country) for irregular migration. Irregular practices (crossing the green border, residence in various countries without proper legal forms, etc.) became popular under the Communist regime, when avenues for legal migration were rather restricted, both for Romanians and for most foreign citizens travelling through Romania. However, even after the fall of Communism, labour migration from Romania was overwhelmingly irregular, as the majority of the Western European countries imposed entrance visas for Romanian citizens, making legal access to these countries rather difficult.
3. Legislation of the country connected to migrations.
In 1993, the National Bureau of Labor Force Migration in Romania (within the Romanian Ministry of Labor, Social Solidarity and Family) identified the following main groups of migrants related business in Romania: drivers and traders of Pakistan sellers India, and Chinese cooks
These foreign business communities play an important role in the economy; but despite their contribution to the Romanian economy and for society, the establishment of foreign companies in Romania is regulated by stringent measures. In order to prevent abuse of visas that could lead to transit migration, legislation on foreign investment it has changed dramatically since the beginning of the 1990s, especially with regard to the minimum amount of investment that these immigrants are required to provide - Compare $ 10,000 in 1990 to EUR 50,000 in 2003
The number of economic migrants who arrive with an employment contract based on bilateral agreements between Romania and other countries has steadily increased. According to the HWWI (2007), only several hundred foreigners had been issued work permits in late 1996, but by the end of 2000 this number had increased to 1,580. The number continued to rise: from 3,678 in 2005-7993 in late 2006.
In Romania, the most significant legislative changes in the field of migration took place in the field of forced migration. Before 1991, when Romania ratified the UN Convention (1951) and the Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees (1967), the legislative framework was provided by Law 25 of 1969 on the administration of foreigners in the Republic Socialist Romania.
The following graph shows that the recognition rate of refugees between 2007 and 2009 was around 10% or slightly higher (1,080 asylum applications and 102 cases of refugee recognition in 2008). Compared with other European countries such as Poland, Slovakia or Hungary, Romania recognition rate is quite high
4. Institutions in charge of migrants.
Romanians living abroad Article 7 The State supportsthestrengthening of linkswith the Romaniansliving abroadand actsfor them topreserve, developand express their ethnic, cultural, linguistic and religiousidentity while respectingthe law of thestatewhose citizensthey are.
5. Problems connected to migrations.
The population loss caused by these waves of emigration has started to negatively impact the development of the Romanian economy. Emigration, combined with an aging population, there are fewer Romanians, and more people without work. That is, having much larger population, and many people in many posts abroad stand works well in many products and others are failing to occur.
Geography:
1.Where is the country?.
In Europe
2.What other nations border the country?
Moldova, Ukraine, Hungary, Serbia, Bulgaria
3.What kind of climate does the country have?
Climate: temperate-continental; ranges between hot summers and very cold winters with lots of snow from mid December until the end of March. Romania's average annual temperature is 11C (52F) in the south and on the coast, 2C (36F) in the mountains. In June, July and August, the hottest places in Romania are near the Black Sea coast, where average temperatures reach 24-30C. In summer, there are frequent showers and thunderstorms in the mountains. The mild, sunny days of autumn linger from early September until late October. Spring starts in mid March in most of Romania's regions, April in the mountains and in the north part of the country. Annual rainfall is 600 mm to 700 mm, much of it in spring. Precipitation is heaviest in Transylvania and in the Carpathian Mountains, where an average of 53 inches of rain and snow fall each year. Dobrojea is Romania's warmest and driest region, with less than 15 inches of annual rainfall.
4.What kind landscape does it have?
Environment: Romania passed environment protection lows in 1967, 1973 and 1976, and a National Council for the Protection of the Environment was created in 1975. Water quality has been monitored since 1960, and air quality since 1973. After the revolution, a new Ministry of Waters, Woods and Environment Protection was created, with the aim of reducing polluation by 20% by 1995, and bringing it down to European levels by 2000. An ordonance on atmospheric polluation was passed in 1993 and a new environment low in 1995 created Environment Protection Agency in each of the Romania's counties, responsible for polluation monitoring and permits. Uncontrolled and/or non-existent waste storage is one of Romania's greatest environmental problems. Air pollution exceeds maximum allowable levels more than 50% of the time in 11 of Romania's 41 counties, and nitrate levels exceed safety levels in 14 counties' water supply. Ecological disaster struck Romania in January 2000 when a tailing dam burst at a Romanian-Australian owened gold mine in Baia Mare, prompting 100,000 cubic metres of cyanide-contaminated water to spill into Tisa and Danube rivers and subsequently kill thousands of fish and birds in Romania. In March 2000 another dam burst at a zinc plant in Baia Borsa and an estimated 20,000 tons of pollutive waste gushed into Tisa. Experts say it will take 10 years for the affected habitat to fully recover, although 95% of river life should return by 2004. The ecological ills of the Black Sea and Danube Delta have long been a thorn in Romania's side. Since 1991 the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve has ecologically reconstructed large areas of land in the Delta, removing dikes and reflooding what was originally natural marshland. Romania continues to be involved in various joint projects with the World Bank to protect Black Sea ecosystems. The electrical power industry has relied on thermal and hydro-power stations. The only nuclear power station is at Cernavoda (built jointly with Canada), saving over $ 100 millions per year in fuel imports. However radioactive waste continues to be a problem until Romania discovers a safe means of disposal.
Economy:
1.What is the most common sector of employment in the country?
Occupations most frequently listed on the EURES Job Mobility portal:
Statistical and finance clerks
Buyers
Business professionals not elsewhere classified
Child-care workers
Messengers, package and luggage porters and deliverers
Directors and chief executives
Transport labourers and freight handlers
Shop sales persons and demonstrators
Cooks
Housekeepers and related workers
The most popular types of vacancies submitted by employers include the following: freight handlers; order agents; salespersons; unskilled workers; textile manufacturing operators; guards; locksmiths; and commercial workers.
2.What is the unemployment rate of your country (by percentage)?
Romania's unemployment rate remained unchanged at 6.80 percent in October from 6.80 percent in September 2015. Unemployment Rate in Romania averaged 6.95 percent from 2006 to 2015, reaching a record high point of 8.10 percent March 2010 and a record low of 5.40 percent in September 2008. Unemployment rate in Romania has informed the National Institutul de Statistica.
Romania Unemployment Rate
Actual Real
Previous Anterior
Highest Mayor
Lowest Menor
Dates Fechas
Unit Unidad
Frequency Frecuencia
6.80 6.80
6.80 6.80
8.10 8.10
5.40 5.40
2006 - 2015 2006 - 2015
percent por ciento
Monthly Mensual
In Romania, the unemployment rate measures the number of people actively looking for a job as a percentage of the labor force. This page offers the latest reported by value - Romania Unemployment rate - in addition to the above, high and low versions, the historical forecast short-term and long-term prediction, economic calendar and news survey consensus. Romania Unemployment rate - actual data, historical graph and release schedule - was last updated in December 2015.
3.What is the percentage of contribution of its sectors?
Romania's energy strategy is to ensure supply through both fuel imports and domestic supplies and maintain a balanced portfolio of energy resources by promoting clean coal technologies, nuclear power, expansion of renewable energy and the development of shale gas.
• Romania has nine crude oil refineries with a total capacity of 467.642 barrels per day (b / d) according to the Oil & Gas Journal (OGJ), which is among the largest refining capacity in Eastern Europe. Although Romania refineries operate below capacity, the refinery production exceeds domestic consumption that allows the country to export surplus petroleum products. Romania consumes 215,000 bbl / d of oil in 2013.
• Oil production in Romania has decreased steadily over time. Total production of crude oil and other liquids in Romania was 104,000 bbl / d in 2013, up from about 134,000 bbl / d in 2003. Romania has the fourth largest reserves of crude oil in Europe with 600 billion barrels of proven reserves to January 1, 2014, according to estimates OGJ.
• Dry natural gas production has declined steadily over the past three decades, from its peak of 1.4 trillion cubic feet (tcf) in 1983 to 375,000,000,000 cubic feet (bcf) in 2012. Romania has the fifth largest natural gas reserves in Europe with 3.7 Tcf of proved to January 1, 2014 reserves.
• Romania is trying to develop a shale gas industry and reduce its dependence on Russian natural gas supplies. According to Eurogas, imports of natural gas from Russia accounted for 24% of its natural gas and Romania Romania 100% of the natural gas imported in 2012.
Domestic Policy:
1. Which are the current issues that affect your country in domestic policy?
As for foreign policy, in the foreground are the relations with the European Union, representatives of the joint mission of the International Monetary Fund, the European Commission and the World Bank.
2. Which are the main policies about healthcare?
Romania offers benefits of a universal healthcare system. The state finances primary, secondary and tertiary healthcare. Public health campaigns are independently financed by the Government of Romania. The Ministry of Health of Romania is required to manage and supervise the public healthcare sector. For 2013, the budged allocated for the healthcare sector is US$2.6 billion (8.675.192.000 lei), or roughly 1.7% of the GDP. The access to healthcare is guaranteed by Article 34 in the Constitution of Romania, which specifies that the state is obliged "to guarantee the sheltering of healthcare". Every citizen of Romania is entitled to cost-free, unrestricted medical procedures, as established by a physician. Citizens of the European Union have the right to free emergency medical assistance.
3. Which are the main policies about education?
Kindergarten: Children can start as early as three years old and can stay until they are six or seven years old. Kindergarten is optional and typically lasts for 3 or 4 forms - "Small Group" for children aged 3–4, "Middle Group", for children aged 4–5, "Big Group" for children aged 5–6 and "School Preparation Class" for children aged 6–7.
Elementary school: Elementary school lasts eight years in Romania. Most elementary schools are public; MEC statistics show less than 2 percent of elementary school students attend private school. Unless parents choose a school earlier, the future student is automatically enrolled in the school nearest to his or her residence. School starts at 7 a.m. and finishes at 8 p.m. Education is free in public schools (including some books and auxiliary materials), but not entirely (some textbooks, notebooks, pencils and uniforms might be required to be purchased). School starts in the middle of September and ends in the middle of June the following year. It is divided into two semesters (September to December and January to June). There are four holiday seasons (Christmas 3 or 2 depending on the annual curriculum weeks in December–January; Spring (previously Easter) in April - 2 weeks; and Summer, spanning from the middle of June to September 15), with an additional free week in November for students in the first 4 years.
High Schools: At the end of the 8th year of school (at age 14 or 15) a nationwide test is taken by all students. Starting with 2004, this examination is called Testarea Naţională (The National Test) and can be taken only once, in June. The subjects are Romanian Language and Literature and Mathematics (and additionally the language of the school for ethnic minority schools or classes and for bi-lingual schools). Many high schools provide classes with intensive study of a foreign language, such as English, French, German or Spanish; a two-part examination (Grammar/Vocabulary and Speaking) is required for them. The passing mark is 5 for each of the exams. If the student passes, he is allowed to enrol in a high school; should he fail, he will have to join a School of Crafts and Trades for two years. The finishing grade (also known as the admission grade) is computed, taking into account for 25% an average of all the Yearly General Averages starting with year 5 and for the rest of 75% the mark obtained at the National Test (1-10, 10 being the highest, not rounded, precision 0.01). Despite the exams are being published and the marks are public, lists being placed both in schools and on the Internet.
4. Taxes and other revenues:
(2013est.) 31,8% del PIB
5. Debt:
Actual
Previous
Highest
Lowest
Dates
Unit
Frequency
39.60
38.00
39.60
12.40
1999 - 2014
percent
Yearly
Generally, Government debt as a percent of GDP is used by investors to measure a country ability to make future payments on its debt, thus affecting the country borrowing costs and government bond yields. This page provides - Romania Government Debt To GDP - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news. Romania Government Debt to GDP - actual data, historical chart and calendar of releases - was last updated on December of 2015.
Foreign Policy:
1. Which are the main current issues that affect your country in foreign policy?
As for foreign policy, in the foreground are the relations with the European Union, representatives of the joint mission of the International Monetary Fund, the European Commission and the World Bank.
2.Which are the main conflicts that have affected your country?
Governments declared their commitment to fight corruption and fraudulent procurement. Therefore, there are three pillars that have been built mechanisms to fight corruption. The first is based on external commitments Romania undertook in order to join the European Union. Cooperation Mechanism (CVM) helped ensure that progress you will not be lost before accession once Romania joined the EU. The second pillaris internal pressure, led either by reformers within the system or by civil society succeeded in articulating their demands in the fight against corruption. The EU support for these groups caused leverage to challenge the status quo. The third pillar is the political will. Until the early 2000s was not much in terms of concrete measures in the fight against corruption. Between 2000 and 2004 some important laws were passed, but no concrete results were visible. It was only after 2004 that additional efforts began to generate visible results, which, in turn, did the politicians uncomfortable.
3. Which are the main conflicts that affect your country?
Corruption institutions have been created to monitor and control illegal devio no public money hiring and job creation.
4. Military Expenditures/ spending on defense programs:
The conflict in Ukraine has led to Romania, its neighbor, increase its budget with the consent of the EU and the European Monetary Fund Minister Victor Ponta wants to expand to increase the budget by 1.5% of GDP, but this price would create the deficit grew.
Romania
Table of Contents
Official country name:
Romania
Capital:
Bucharest
Location:
Located in Southeastern Europe, bordering on the Black Sea, the country is halfway between the equator and the North Poleand equidistant from the westernmost part of Europe—theAtlantic coast—and the most easterly—the Ural Mountans. Romania has 3,195 kilometers of border. Republic of Moldova lies to the east, Blgara lies to the south, and Serbia and Hungary to the west. In the southeast, 245 kilometers of sea coastline provide an important outlet to the Mediterranean sea and the Atlantic Ocean.
Area:
238,391 sq km
Population:
19,942,642 inhabitants
Organisations in which Romania is:
It has been member of NATO since 2004, and part of the EU since 2007.
People
1.What are the people of the country called?
Romanians
2.What is the oficial language? What is the other languages do people speak?
3.What is the most-practiced religion?
Religious denominations in Romania according to the 2011 census given as percentages of the total stable population.
Romanian Orthodox (81.0%)
Roman Catholic and Romanian Greek-Catholic (7.6%)
Protestant (Reformed, Pentecostal, Baptist, Adventist, Unitarian, Lutheran and other Neoprotestant) (6.2%)
Other religions (including other Christians, Muslims, Jehovah's Witnesses and Jews) (1.2%)
No religion or Atheist (0.2%)
Missing Data (3%)
Other (0.8%)
Flag
Blue: vigilance, truth and loyalty, preservance and justiceYellow: a symbol of generosity
Red: hardiness, bravery, stength and valor
Goverment
1.Is it a a democratic or a non-democratic state?
Romania is a semi-presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the Prime Minister of Romania is the head of government and the President of Romania exercises the functions of the head of state. Executive power is exercised by the government. Romania has a multi-party system, and Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of parliament, the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.
2.What is the name of the leader of the country?
The current President of Romania is Klaus Iohannis, since 21 December 2014.
3.What type of government is the country ruled by?
Unitary semi-presidentialrepublic
4. Is there a separation of powers? Which institution/person is in charge of each of the powers?
The president is elected by popular vote every five years, for a maximum of two consecutive terms.
The president, together with the party with parliamentary majority, appoints a prime minister. In turn, the prime minister appoints the other members of the cabinet and with 42 prefects (one for each district and the independent municipality of Bucharest) form the executive.
The Romanian Parliament is bicameral: the Senate, which has 137 members and the Chamber of Deputies, with 332 members. The members of both chambers are elected every four years by popular vote.
5.What are the main political parties of the country (socialist party, communist party, green party, republicans, democrats, etc.)? Describe briefly their ideas.
Population
1. How many inhabitants does the country have?
19,942,642
2. Population density
84.4/km2
3. Birth Rate. Reasons
9.9 births/1,000 population (2010)
The reason of the low percentage is that a lot of Romians go abroad to find a better job, so new babys born and grew up in other countries.
4. Death Rate. Reasons
12.1 deaths/1,000 population (2010)
The reason of the high percentage in death rate is that a lot of young people is going abroad, athe old people is staying at theis houses in Romania, and when this old people died the percentage is geting higher.
5. Natural Growth. Reasons
-0.22% (2010)
While a lot of people is going abroad, the country can only grow with the people that is staying in Romania. There`s a very low birth rate, but in comparation there`s a very big perentage of death rate, so the county population is dereasing.
Migrations:
1. Number of immigrants. Where do they come from? Why?
In 2013, there were 198,839 immigrants living in Romania, of which 13,000 were refugees. Over half of the country's foreign-born residents originate from Moldova. Immigration is expected to increase in the future, as large numbers of Romanian workers leave the country and are being replaced by foreigners.
2. Number of emigrants. Where do they go? Why?
4-12 million people.
Romania has been, and still is, mainly a source country (and to some extent a transit country) for irregular migration. Irregular practices (crossing the green border, residence in various countries without proper legal forms, etc.) became popular under the Communist regime, when avenues for legal migration were rather restricted, both for Romanians and for most foreign citizens travelling through Romania. However, even after the fall of Communism, labour migration from Romania was overwhelmingly irregular, as the majority of the Western European countries imposed entrance visas for Romanian citizens, making legal access to these countries rather difficult.
3. Legislation of the country connected to migrations.
In 1993, the National Bureau of Labor Force Migration in Romania (within the Romanian Ministry of Labor, Social Solidarity and Family) identified the following main groups of migrants related business in Romania: drivers and traders of Pakistan sellers India, and Chinese cooks
These foreign business communities play an important role in the economy; but despite their contribution to the Romanian economy and for society, the establishment of foreign companies in Romania is regulated by stringent measures. In order to prevent abuse of visas that could lead to transit migration, legislation on foreign investment it has changed dramatically since the beginning of the 1990s, especially with regard to the minimum amount of investment that these immigrants are required to provide - Compare $ 10,000 in 1990 to EUR 50,000 in 2003
The number of economic migrants who arrive with an employment contract based on bilateral agreements between Romania and other countries has steadily increased. According to the HWWI (2007), only several hundred foreigners had been issued work permits in late 1996, but by the end of 2000 this number had increased to 1,580. The number continued to rise: from 3,678 in 2005-7993 in late 2006.
In Romania, the most significant legislative changes in the field of migration took place in the field of forced migration. Before 1991, when Romania ratified the UN Convention (1951) and the Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees (1967), the legislative framework was provided by Law 25 of 1969 on the administration of foreigners in the Republic Socialist Romania.
The following graph shows that the recognition rate of refugees between 2007 and 2009 was around 10% or slightly higher (1,080 asylum applications and 102 cases of refugee recognition in 2008). Compared with other European countries such as Poland, Slovakia or Hungary, Romania recognition rate is quite high
4. Institutions in charge of migrants.
Romanians living abroad
Article 7
The State supportsthestrengthening of linkswith the Romaniansliving abroadand actsfor them topreserve, developand express their ethnic, cultural, linguistic and religiousidentity while respectingthe law of thestatewhose citizensthey are.
5. Problems connected to migrations.
The population loss caused by these waves of emigration has started to negatively impact the development of the Romanian economy. Emigration, combined with an aging population, there are fewer Romanians, and more people without work. That is, having much larger population, and many people in many posts abroad stand works well in many products and others are failing to occur.
Geography:
1.Where is the country?.
In Europe2.What other nations border the country?
Moldova, Ukraine, Hungary, Serbia, Bulgaria
3.What kind of climate does the country have?
Climate: temperate-continental; ranges between hot summers and very cold winters with lots of snow from mid December until the end of March. Romania's average annual temperature is 11C (52F) in the south and on the coast, 2C (36F) in the mountains. In June, July and August, the hottest places in Romania are near the Black Sea coast, where average temperatures reach 24-30C. In summer, there are frequent showers and thunderstorms in the mountains. The mild, sunny days of autumn linger from early September until late October. Spring starts in mid March in most of Romania's regions, April in the mountains and in the north part of the country. Annual rainfall is 600 mm to 700 mm, much of it in spring. Precipitation is heaviest in Transylvania and in the Carpathian Mountains, where an average of 53 inches of rain and snow fall each year. Dobrojea is Romania's warmest and driest region, with less than 15 inches of annual rainfall.
4.What kind landscape does it have?
Environment: Romania passed environment protection lows in 1967, 1973 and 1976, and a National Council for the Protection of the Environment was created in 1975. Water quality has been monitored since 1960, and air quality since 1973. After the revolution, a new Ministry of Waters, Woods and Environment Protection was created, with the aim of reducing polluation by 20% by 1995, and bringing it down to European levels by 2000. An ordonance on atmospheric polluation was passed in 1993 and a new environment low in 1995 created Environment Protection Agency in each of the Romania's counties, responsible for polluation monitoring and permits. Uncontrolled and/or non-existent waste storage is one of Romania's greatest environmental problems. Air pollution exceeds maximum allowable levels more than 50% of the time in 11 of Romania's 41 counties, and nitrate levels exceed safety levels in 14 counties' water supply. Ecological disaster struck Romania in January 2000 when a tailing dam burst at a Romanian-Australian owened gold mine in Baia Mare, prompting 100,000 cubic metres of cyanide-contaminated water to spill into Tisa and Danube rivers and subsequently kill thousands of fish and birds in Romania. In March 2000 another dam burst at a zinc plant in Baia Borsa and an estimated 20,000 tons of pollutive waste gushed into Tisa. Experts say it will take 10 years for the affected habitat to fully recover, although 95% of river life should return by 2004. The ecological ills of the Black Sea and Danube Delta have long been a thorn in Romania's side. Since 1991 the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve has ecologically reconstructed large areas of land in the Delta, removing dikes and reflooding what was originally natural marshland. Romania continues to be involved in various joint projects with the World Bank to protect Black Sea ecosystems. The electrical power industry has relied on thermal and hydro-power stations. The only nuclear power station is at Cernavoda (built jointly with Canada), saving over $ 100 millions per year in fuel imports. However radioactive waste continues to be a problem until Romania discovers a safe means of disposal.
Economy:
1.What is the most common sector of employment in the country?
Occupations most frequently listed on the EURES Job Mobility portal:
- Statistical and finance clerks
- Buyers
- Business professionals not elsewhere classified
- Child-care workers
- Messengers, package and luggage porters and deliverers
- Directors and chief executives
- Transport labourers and freight handlers
- Shop sales persons and demonstrators
- Cooks
- Housekeepers and related workers
The most popular types of vacancies submitted by employers include the following: freight handlers; order agents; salespersons; unskilled workers; textile manufacturing operators; guards; locksmiths; and commercial workers.2.What is the unemployment rate of your country (by percentage)?
Romania's unemployment rate remained unchanged at 6.80 percent in October from 6.80 percent in September 2015. Unemployment Rate in Romania averaged 6.95 percent from 2006 to 2015, reaching a record high point of 8.10 percent March 2010 and a record low of 5.40 percent in September 2008. Unemployment rate in Romania has informed the National Institutul de Statistica.
3.What is the percentage of contribution of its sectors?
4. Energy: production/consumption; exports/imports
• Romania has nine crude oil refineries with a total capacity of 467.642 barrels per day (b / d) according to the Oil & Gas Journal (OGJ), which is among the largest refining capacity in Eastern Europe. Although Romania refineries operate below capacity, the refinery production exceeds domestic consumption that allows the country to export surplus petroleum products. Romania consumes 215,000 bbl / d of oil in 2013.
• Oil production in Romania has decreased steadily over time. Total production of crude oil and other liquids in Romania was 104,000 bbl / d in 2013, up from about 134,000 bbl / d in 2003. Romania has the fourth largest reserves of crude oil in Europe with 600 billion barrels of proven reserves to January 1, 2014, according to estimates OGJ.
• Dry natural gas production has declined steadily over the past three decades, from its peak of 1.4 trillion cubic feet (tcf) in 1983 to 375,000,000,000 cubic feet (bcf) in 2012. Romania has the fifth largest natural gas reserves in Europe with 3.7 Tcf of proved to January 1, 2014 reserves.
• Romania is trying to develop a shale gas industry and reduce its dependence on Russian natural gas supplies. According to Eurogas, imports of natural gas from Russia accounted for 24% of its natural gas and Romania Romania 100% of the natural gas imported in 2012.
Domestic Policy:
1. Which are the current issues that affect your country in domestic policy?
As for foreign policy, in the foreground are the relations with the European Union, representatives of the joint mission of the International Monetary Fund, the European Commission and the World Bank.
2. Which are the main policies about healthcare?
Romania offers benefits of a universal healthcare system. The state finances primary, secondary and tertiary healthcare. Public health campaigns are independently financed by the Government of Romania. The Ministry of Health of Romania is required to manage and supervise the public healthcare sector. For 2013, the budged allocated for the healthcare sector is US$2.6 billion (8.675.192.000 lei), or roughly 1.7% of the GDP. The access to healthcare is guaranteed by Article 34 in the Constitution of Romania, which specifies that the state is obliged "to guarantee the sheltering of healthcare". Every citizen of Romania is entitled to cost-free, unrestricted medical procedures, as established by a physician. Citizens of the European Union have the right to free emergency medical assistance.3. Which are the main policies about education?
Kindergarten:Children can start as early as three years old and can stay until they are six or seven years old. Kindergarten is optional and typically lasts for 3 or 4 forms - "Small Group" for children aged 3–4, "Middle Group", for children aged 4–5, "Big Group" for children aged 5–6 and "School Preparation Class" for children aged 6–7.
Elementary school:
Elementary school lasts eight years in Romania. Most elementary schools are public; MEC statistics show less than 2 percent of elementary school students attend private school. Unless parents choose a school earlier, the future student is automatically enrolled in the school nearest to his or her residence. School starts at 7 a.m. and finishes at 8 p.m. Education is free in public schools (including some books and auxiliary materials), but not entirely (some textbooks, notebooks, pencils and uniforms might be required to be purchased). School starts in the middle of September and ends in the middle of June the following year. It is divided into two semesters (September to December and January to June). There are four holiday seasons (Christmas 3 or 2 depending on the annual curriculum weeks in December–January; Spring (previously Easter) in April - 2 weeks; and Summer, spanning from the middle of June to September 15), with an additional free week in November for students in the first 4 years.
High Schools:
At the end of the 8th year of school (at age 14 or 15) a nationwide test is taken by all students. Starting with 2004, this examination is called Testarea Naţională (The National Test) and can be taken only once, in June. The subjects are Romanian Language and Literature and Mathematics (and additionally the language of the school for ethnic minority schools or classes and for bi-lingual schools). Many high schools provide classes with intensive study of a foreign language, such as English, French, German or Spanish; a two-part examination (Grammar/Vocabulary and Speaking) is required for them. The passing mark is 5 for each of the exams. If the student passes, he is allowed to enrol in a high school; should he fail, he will have to join a School of Crafts and Trades for two years. The finishing grade (also known as the admission grade) is computed, taking into account for 25% an average of all the Yearly General Averages starting with year 5 and for the rest of 75% the mark obtained at the National Test (1-10, 10 being the highest, not rounded, precision 0.01). Despite the exams are being published and the marks are public, lists being placed both in schools and on the Internet.
4. Taxes and other revenues:
(2013est.) 31,8% del PIB
5. Debt:
Foreign Policy:
1. Which are the main current issues that affect your country in foreign policy?
As for foreign policy, in the foreground are the relations with the European Union, representatives of the joint mission of the International Monetary Fund, the European Commission and the World Bank.2.Which are the main conflicts that have affected your country?
Governments declared their commitment to fight corruption and fraudulent procurement. Therefore, there are three pillars that have been built mechanisms to fight corruption. The first is based on external commitments Romania undertook in order to join the European Union. Cooperation Mechanism (CVM) helped ensure that progress you will not be lost before accession once Romania joined the EU. The second pillaris internal pressure, led either by reformers within the system or by civil society succeeded in articulating their demands in the fight against corruption. The EU support for these groups caused leverage to challenge the status quo. The third pillar is the political will. Until the early 2000s was not much in terms of concrete measures in the fight against corruption. Between 2000 and 2004 some important laws were passed, but no concrete results were visible. It was only after 2004 that additional efforts began to generate visible results, which, in turn, did the politicians uncomfortable.3. Which are the main conflicts that affect your country?
Corruption institutions have been created to monitor and control illegal devio no public money hiring and job creation.4. Military Expenditures/ spending on defense programs:
The conflict in Ukraine has led to Romania, its neighbor, increase its budget with the consent of the EU and the European Monetary Fund
Minister Victor Ponta wants to expand to increase the budget by 1.5% of GDP, but this price would create the deficit grew.